Let’s Talk About ADHD

无论你或你的孩子刚刚被确诊，或者如果你担心他们可能有多动症，你可能会紧张，困惑，甚至有点害怕。这是100％正常，而这些感情是不是永远。发现现实和挑战多动症，你也需要帮助的最佳治疗方法，乐于助人的生活方式的改变，以及所有关键信息管理ADHD和茁壮成长。

What Exactly Is ADHD?

如果你非常熟悉注意力缺陷/多动症，你可能知道这个共同的精神状态生活的斗争。虽然有人患有多动症想成为一个GET-IT-做什么样的人（谁不？），通常情况下，无论是他们的大脑也没有身体可以鼓起能量把任何东西在动。也许你打断别人，即使它可能是倒胃口的人，也许你不能停下来。你可能会失去焦点，或者更准确，转移重心从一件事到另一个，下车的轨道。

When you’re living with ADHD, either by association or because you yourself have it yourself, even seemingly minor tasks—like finishing a page of homework, emptying a laundry basket, or clearing a desk of piles of paper—seem daunting. Worse, some days it can feel like the whole world is judging you.

ADHD is one of the most prevalent childhood disorders and can continue through adolescence and into adulthood. More than 6 million children have been diagnosed with ADHD, according to a 2016 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and roughly 11 million people, or 5 percent of the adult population, have ADHD.

Signs and Symptoms

据心理健康研究所，ADHD的症状可能包括：

• Inattention:Having several tabs open (literally and figuratively), wandering off task, losing persistence, and feeling unable to stay focused, which can snowball into being generally disorganized.

• 肺热：Being in constant motion (moving around, tapping a hand or foot, squirming, fidgeting), including when it’s not appropriate and to the point of wearing down everyone else. This is one symptom often seen in children.

• 冲动：代理想也没想，即使这些行为有危害的高潜力。有了孩子，这可能是有点像在一个令人垂涎的玩具花费整个车程试图脱下安全带，或大败另一个孩子。In adults it could be saying something insensitive to peers without thinking (this happens repeatedly, in spite of your sincere regrets), or blowing money you don’t have on a shopping spree (while at the same time accruing late fees for the bills you forgot to pay).

  Other examples of impulsivity:

  • having trouble delaying gratification
  • 过度打断别人
  • making important decisions (drugs, sex partners) without thinking about the long-term consequences.

当然，all人们可以不留神或烦躁的时候，但是它的多动症明显不同的是，这些行为更严重，更经常发生。他们还可以在学校或工作使生活困难的社会。患有ADHD的人可以具有的上述迹象或症状，或它们的组合之一;大多数的孩子有这症状的组合多动症的类型。在学龄前儿童中，最常见的标志是多动症。

多动症由数字

• 610万名儿童被确诊患有多动症
• 5 in 10 children with ADHD have a behavioral issue
• 3 in 10 children with ADHD also have anxiety
• Boys are more likely to be diagnosed (12.9%) than girls (5.6%)

资源：cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html

What Causes ADHD in the First Place?

没有人真正知道。研究表明在负责运动活动和关注的大脑部位活动减少（在前运动皮层and theprefrontal cortex）。该理论是多动症可以从连接穷人干中的一些大脑的通信路径，导致其绊倒刚刚度过每一天，这是有道理的获得。它不是像其他人想醒来像他们的大脑在雾的感觉，同时恐慌约没有做所有他们的意思来完成昨天的事。

下面是我们肯定知道：对于多动症的某些风险因素，它会影响男孩多于女孩，虽然多动症的女孩更容易有注意力不集中的问题。我们也知道，那里的多动症，还有经常另一条件，如学习障碍，焦虑障碍，品行障碍，抑郁症和药物滥用。

Wondering what risk factors can contribute to ADHD? According to the National Institute of Mental Health, they include:

• Genetics (having a family member with the condition)
• 吸烟，酗酒，吸毒或怀孕期间使用
• Exposure to environmental toxins during pregnancy
• 暴露于环境毒素，如高浓度的铅，在年轻的时候
• 低出生体重
• Brain injuries

我-或我的孩子，有多动症的症状？

We’ve identified the most common signs and symptoms and you may want to consider whether any of these sound familiar when you think of yourself or your child:

Inattention

• Not seeming to listen when directly spoken to (in children) or having trouble listening
• 俯瞰或丢失的细节，使粗心犯错
• 避免的事情，需要持续的精神努力，像做功课或写论文或报告
• 具有组织难度，管理时间，按时完成任务
• 失去的东西：学习用品，你的钱包，钥匙，手机等。

多动冲动

• Fidgeting and being unable to sit still in the classroom or an office
• Talking excessively
• Excessive movement (in children) or extreme restlessness (in adults)
• Interrupting or intruding on others’ conversations, games, or activities
• Having trouble waiting or taking a turn
• Having difficulty quietly engaging in hobbies

请记住，任何人都可以表现出这样的行为sometimes。关键的区别是，与ADHD的症状和体征往往更严重，发生次数多了，影响的能力，功能或社会工作和学习。

如果您的孩子表现出至少6个月，并在他们的生活中不止一个地区的一些症状（例如，无论在家里还是在学校），你可能会考虑让他们评估。对于一个成年人，以满足诊断标准，他们必须已与一些症状自12岁以前主张，并通过他们得到显著受损（例如，挣扎在他们的婚姻或失去工作）。

How Is ADHD Diagnosed?

初级保健医生或儿科医生可能识别signs of ADHD in you or your child, and may offer a preliminary diagnosis, but if they don’t have extensive ADHD-specific experience, they should be sending you to a licensed clinician who does—like a psychiatrist or psychologist.

多动症通常也与其他条件，如焦虑，它可以有类似多动症，注意力不集中一样和浓度差，或自闭症谱系障碍的症状，这可能共享类似的麻烦与同龄人互动，出现不注意症状混淆。如果只是有一个简单的实验室测试和扫描，可以发现ADHD，更多患者将正确诊断，但没有。相反，这里是你可以期待的过程：

诊断儿童

正确的诊断是秘密确保您老兄获得他们所需要的高质量治疗。评估也可以帮助你确定它是别的东西，比如孤独症，并在道路上开始治疗您的孩子所面临的挑战。

To receive an ADHD diagnosis, the symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity must be chronic or long-lasting, impair your child’s functioning, and cause them to fall behind typical development for his or her age. The doctor should also ensure that any ADHD symptoms are not due to another medical or psychiatric condition.

Your child’s clinician or other specialist will follow guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics as well as the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry when diagnosing. These include:

• 与您的详细采访关于你的孩子的症状
• 问卷由您孩子的老师或儿童保育机构完成
• 学校和医疗记录的审查
• Talking with and observing your child
• 也许筛选学习障碍

Most children with ADHD receive a diagnosis while they’re still in elementary school. (ADHD symptoms can appear as early as between 3 and 6 years old.) For an adolescent or adult to receive a diagnosis of ADHD, the symptoms need to have been present before age 12.

如果你的孩子是通过学校系统进行评估，重点将是他或她是否符合等级级标准。请通过您的学区进行评估，但它是一个好主意，让一个独立的评估了。为什么？这是有价值的在你的后面的口袋里，如果你需要倡导你的孩子有特殊学习住宿，并给你这是怎么回事的更全面的了解。

Diagnosis in Adults

Suspect you or someone you love have ADHD? Getting evaluated by a licenced mental health professional with experience with ADHD is so key. Here’s what you can expect during an evaluation:

• 关于你的症状的诊断访谈 - 当前和儿童
• 筛选的共存条件，如抑郁症或学习障碍
• An interview with other important people in the patient’s life (such as their partner) who will speak honestly about the patient’s symptoms
• 可能的附加测试

最好的抗利尿激素治疗是什么D?

If you or your child is diagnosed, one of your first questions is likely how to manage it. The answer depends on a number of factors, including age. Here’s what you or your child can expect:

Treating Children With ADHD

对于孩子6岁及以下，美国小儿科学会建议behavior therapy, which teaches skills and strategies to help the child succeed at school, at home, and in relationships. Behavior therapy should include行为干预in the classroom, if available.

If your child is age 12 and under, your health care provider should discuss父行为疗法(也称为父managem培训行为ent or just parent training) with you, since you’re likely the one spending the most time with your child and are likely to have the greatest impact. In fact, most kids aren’t mature enough to change their behavior without your help. Look for a therapist who trains parents, and teaches positive ways to help with structure, communication, and interaction. You can expect to attend several sessions of training.

Your child will also have a school treatment plan, which might include anIndividualized Education Plan—or 504 plan- 即描述设施，包括干预和支持。

Those accommodations might look like any of these examples:

• Receiving extra time on tests
• 获得休息或时间走动
• Using technology to assist with tasks, extra help with staying organized, and positive reinforcement and feedback

怎么样吃药？药物治疗，六及以上年龄段保留，可以非常有效的，但说到孩子，他们应该与心理治疗和心理干预相结合使用。

As for diet, some small studies suggest eating less processed food, and more fatty acids has a modest benefit on improving ADHD symptoms, so getting some omega-3s (like fish and seafood, nuts and seeds and plant oils) can’t hurt.

治疗成人多动症

Behavior therapy can translate to success in adults, too: In recent yearscognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) programs已与成人ADHD专门开发的。他们可以帮助你克服执行功能的困难，更好地管理时间，组织，并在短期和长期计划。

Medications for ADHD

For kids older than age 6 as well as adults, medication might also be a part of the treatment plan. Striking the right balance with medication can take some trial and error, but it’s worth it. Your healthcare provider may try different meds and dosages before hitting on the right one. Some people are amazed by the difference in their focus, thanks to medication. Whatever ADHD medication you’re on, it’s important not to skip or miss doses, as symptoms may return.

Stimulants

Prescribing a stimulant for ADHD may seem backwards but they work. In fact, they’re the most popular medication to treat the condition. How does it work? Stimulants boost the brain chemicalsdopamineandnorepinephrine，你关注哪些帮助。他们是一个受欢迎的选择，以帮助管理中度至ADHD严重的情况下，改善症状在约70患有ADHD的成年人％，而开始治疗后不久，70％到80％的儿童，根据克利夫兰诊所。

兴奋剂是不被认为是上瘾的孩子和青少年，而且没有证据表明使用导致他们滥用药物。不过，与任何兴奋剂，有滥用和成瘾的可能性，所以一定要说出任何疑问或给你的医生的任何问题。

兴奋剂分为三个桶：短效，中效（取较少）和长效（取一个天）（一天服用几次）。兴奋剂的例子包括：

• 使用Concerta，利他林，DAYTRANA，Jornay，Quillivant，Quillichew（哌甲酯）
• Adderall (amphetamine/dextroamphetamine)
• Evekeo（硫酸苯丙胺）
• Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine)

非兴奋剂

对于具有疗效良好的业绩刺激，人为什么会考虑非兴奋剂？医生会开一个非兴奋剂兴奋剂，如果没有帮助，如果你不愉快的副作用是痛苦，或者如果你可以从一个结合了兴奋剂利于提高效率。

非兴奋剂不工作尽快兴奋剂做，但通过改进的重点，注意力和冲动ADHD的，他们也有助于减轻症状。Strattera的（托莫西汀），例如，久负盛名的第一个非兴奋药多动症，工作在大约一半的患者。

非兴奋剂available for ADHD treatment include:

• Strattera的（托莫西汀）
• Intuniv (guanfacine)
• Catapres (clonidine)

抗抑郁药

While not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of ADHD, antidepressants may be used alone or in combination with stimulants to treat ADHD. They work similar to stimulants, boosting the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in your brain, improving both attention and impulsivity.

Side Effects of ADHD Treatment

一切drug comes with a chance of side effects, including the stimulants and non-stimulants prescribed for ADHD.

Possible side effects of stimulants:

• Headache
• Higher blood pressure
• 胃不舒服
• Decreased appetite
• 情绪低落，烦躁
• “Rebound” (a flare-up of ADHD symptoms when the medication wears off)

由于兴奋剂也可提高血压和心脏率和增加的焦虑，如果你开始吃药之前有其他健康问题或焦虑症，谈谈你的医生。在用于治疗儿童和青少年的剂量，通常兴奋剂都没有形成习惯。

Possible side effects of nonstimulants:

• Nausea
• 肚子疼
• Decreased appetite
• Weight loss
• Fatigue
• Drowsiness
• Mood swings

While most people find that the focus and relief they find on these meds outweighs side effects, it’s important to chat with your doctor about what you can expect before you fill your script. Non-stimulants aren’t habit-forming or prone to misuse.

What’s Life Like for People with ADHD?

ADHD can feel frustrating, but it should never cause shame. Kids with ADHD often bear unfair assumptions that they’re acting out, not paying attention, or behaving badly—as if their condition were a choice! It’s that kind of judgment can be a confidence crusher and it’s especially disheartening when symptoms, like those related to hyperactivity, abate with time and maturation.

What’s needed for kids with ADHD: a partnership between families, doctors, and teachers who can work together to provide structure and positive support. Since having ADHD can feel alienating, even among its youngest sufferers, you can also help your child withmaking friends; team sports and activities have a built-in social network. You don’t need to worry about your kid having an expansive circle; studies show having just one close friend can be all your child needs.

对于成人ADHD谁从来没有确诊，或者是在晚年诊断，有可能是成绩不好，在工作中的麻烦，并与朋友和恋人岩石关系的历史。也许你已经关掉专业或学校有很多，或通过高中或大学变得勉强。你可能从你的注意力浪漫的合作伙伴派出了挫折。即使你的怪癖，虽然你的伴侣的宽容，对于那些患有多动症一个更大的障碍可能是无聊时，随着时间的推移一段新的感情变淡，多巴胺高峰，这可能会导致关系跳跃或欺骗。治疗或夫妻咨询可以帮助，并为更多的见解查看YouTube系列“如何多动症”，这对一个段关系。

这是不容易有多动症，但有希望为ADHD响应被管理。有了正确的干预，多动症不会从健康和满足工作和个人生活保持人。有了正确的关心和支持你can学习的技能，而不仅仅是关注，但全上蓬勃发展。

Where Can I Find ADHD Communities?

Whether it’s you, your child, or a loved one who’s been diagnosed with ADHD, we guarantee there’s someone out there who has been in these very same shoes—Googling, worrying, and figuring out how to navigate the challenges. The support groups, orgs, and bloggers who chronicle life with ADHD and how to cope with its hurdles are endless. Here are a few of our favorites to guide you through this new unknown. They may even encourage you to share your story, too.

Top ADHD-related Instagrammers

• Dani Donovan,@danidonovan,adhddd.com

  Follow because:She’s unapologetically ADHD, and shows that you can be creative, fun, strategic, charismatic, and overall awesome with this condition. Plus, she makes really cool TikToks that break down ADHD in a way that you’ll totally get.

• 德文,@adhdparent,adhdparent.wixsite.com/adhdparent

  Follow because:Her advice as the mom of a child with AHD is pure and candid and so very relatable. Her platform provides a “safe space to vent and share information”—we think you’re going to like it there.

• Marc Almodovar,@wellnesswithmarc,wellnesswithmarc.com

  Follow because:He’s a certified integrative nutrition health coach (INHC) who helps people with ADHD find self-love. Through his male-focused support group (@adhdmensupport), a podcast that brings in guests from all walks of ADHD, and his overall vibe on his feed, you’ll find something that resonates with you on the daily.

• Pina Varnel,@adhd_alien

  Follow because:她坦率的漫画是一个伟大的小“份额”，以帮助谁爱的人，并按照你了解生活是什么样子的你。

Top ADHD-related Podcasts

• 倾斜育儿：提高连接方式不同的孩子。Hosted by activist, speaker, and author Debbie Reber (and sometimes her differently wired 15-year-old son, Asher), this podcast is for any parent of a differently wired kiddo. Reber believes that being differently wired isn’t a deficit, and she helps you see that, too.

• I Have ADHD Podcast.Kristen Carder has ADHD and she still finds ways to be a successful mom, boss, and spouse—and since she’s a certified ADHD coach, she can help you do the same. Her stories and personal experiences fuel her podcasts, which leave you with actionable takeaways that you feel like you can do immediately.

• 5分钟多动症播客。Soli Lazarus knows her audience, and creates shorty podcasts even the most restless among us can digest. That’s all the time it takes for Lazarus to give smart tips on helping your kid with ADHD focus at home and at school.

Top ADHD-related Support Groups and Non-profits

• CHADD。This nonprofit supports both children and adults with ADHD through education and advocacy, online support groups, and a toll-free number so you can talk with an ADHD Information Specialist.

• 多动症协会（ADDA）。Their mission? To serve, connect, and empower adults living with ADHD lead better lives. Backed by science (read: facts), and human experience (read: support groups), this team makes you feel like you have a place at their table to say, feel, and learn whatever you need.

• ADDitude论坛。Brought to you by ADDitude Magazine, these ADHD-specific forums are like the endless hole of Reddit, but hyper-focused on issues facing the ADHD-community, whether adults or children. Whether you’re looking for an answer to specific questions or just commiseration, you’ll find it here.