让我们来谈谈多动症

无论你或你的孩子刚刚被确诊，或者如果你担心他们可能有多动症，你可能会紧张，困惑，甚至有点害怕。这是100％正常，而这些感情是不是永远。发现现实和挑战多动症，你也需要帮助的最佳治疗方法，乐于助人的生活方式的改变，以及所有关键信息管理ADHD和茁壮成长。

到底什么是多动症？

If you’re intimately familiar with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, you likely know the struggle of living with this common mental condition. While someone with ADHD wants to be a get-it-done kind of person (who doesn’t?), oftentimes, neither their brain nor body can muster the energy to put anything in motion. Maybe you interrupt others, and even though it can be off-putting to people, maybe you can’t stop. You may lose focus, or perhaps more accurately, shift focus from one thing to another, getting off track.

当你患有多动症的生活，无论是由协会或因为你本人自己拥有它，即使看似微小的任务，像完成作业的页面，清空一个洗衣篮或清理成堆书桌纸似乎令人望而生畏。更糟的是，有段时间还可以感觉整个世界都在你判断。

多动症是最常见的儿童期疾病之一，可以继续通过青春期到成年。有超过600万名儿童被确诊患有多动症，根据来自美国疾病控制和预防中心（CDC）2016年的报告，以及约11亿人，成人人口的5％，有多动症。

Signs and Symptoms

据心理健康研究所，ADHD的症状可能包括：

• 注意力不集中：有几个选项卡中打开（名副其实），迷了路的任务，失去持久的，感觉无法保持专注，它可以像滚雪球一样应运而生一般杂乱无章。

• Hyperactivity:作为在不断运动（走动，攻手或脚，扭动，坐立不安），包括当它是不恰当的，并下穿其他人的地步。这是一个症状常见于儿童。

• Impulsivity:代理想也没想，即使这些行为有危害的高潜力。有了孩子，这可能是有点像在一个令人垂涎的玩具花费整个车程试图脱下安全带，或大败另一个孩子。In adults it could be saying something insensitive to peers without thinking (this happens repeatedly, in spite of your sincere regrets), or blowing money you don’t have on a shopping spree (while at the same time accruing late fees for the bills you forgot to pay).

  冲动的其他例子：

  • having trouble delaying gratification
  • excessively interrupting others
  • 不考虑长期的后果重大决策（毒品，性伴侣）。

当然，allpeople can be inattentive or fidgety sometimes, but it’s noticeably different with ADHD in that these behaviors are more severe and happen more often. They can also make life harder socially at school or at work. People with ADHD may have one of the above signs or symptoms, or a combination; most kids have the type of ADHD that’s a combo of symptoms. In preschoolers, the most common sign is hyperactivity.

多动症By the Numbers

• 610万名儿童被确诊患有多动症
• 5 10儿童多动症有行为问题
• 3 in 10 children with ADHD also have anxiety
• 男孩更有可能被诊断（12.9％）比女生（5.6％）

Source:cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html

What Causes ADHD in the First Place?

没有人真正知道。研究表明在负责运动活动和关注的大脑部位活动减少（在运动前皮层和prefrontal cortex). The theory is ADHD may stem from poor connectivity among some of the brain’s communication routes, causing it to trip up just getting through the day, which makes sense. It’s not like anyone wants to wake up feeling like their brain’s in a fog, while simultaneously panicking about not doing all the things they meant to accomplish yesterday.

Here's what we know for certain: There are certain risk factors for ADHD, it affects boys more than girls, though girls with ADHD are more likely to have problems with inattention. We also know that where there’s ADHD, there’s often another condition, like a learning disability, anxiety disorder, conduct disorder, depression, and substance abuse.

想知道什么风险因素都可以导致儿童多动症？根据精神健康研究所的国家，它们包括：

• 遗传学（具有与所述状况的家庭成员）
• 吸烟，酗酒，吸毒或怀孕期间使用
• 暴露于怀孕期间环境毒素
• Exposure to environmental toxins, such as high levels of lead, at a young age
• Low birth weight
• Brain injuries

Do I—or My Child—Have the Symptoms of ADHD?

我们已经确定了最常见的体征和症状，你可能要考虑是否有这些听起来很熟悉，当你认为你自己或你的孩子：

注意力不集中

• 似乎没有直接的时候谈过（儿童）听或有麻烦聆听
• Overlooking or missing details and making careless mistakes
• 避免的事情，需要持续的精神努力，像做功课或写论文或报告
• Having difficulty with organization, managing time, and meeting deadlines
• Losing stuff: school supplies, your wallet, your keys, your phone, etc.

Hyperactivity-Impulsivity

• Fidgeting and being unable to sit still in the classroom or an office
• 说到过
• 过度运动（儿童）或极端不安（成人）
• 中断或侵入别人的谈话，游戏或活动
• 遇到问题等待或采取一转
• 有困难静静地从事业余爱好

Keep in mind, anyone can exhibit these behaviors有时。The key difference is that with ADHD, the signs and symptoms are often more severe, occur more often, and affect the ability to function socially or at work and school.

如果您的孩子表现出至少6个月，并在他们的生活中不止一个地区的一些症状（例如，无论在家里还是在学校），你可能会考虑让他们评估。对于一个成年人，以满足诊断标准，他们必须已与一些症状自12岁以前主张，并通过他们得到显著受损（例如，挣扎在他们的婚姻或失去工作）。

如何多动症诊断？

A primary-care doc or pediatrician might identify signs of ADHD in you or your child, and may offer a preliminary diagnosis, but if they don’t have extensive ADHD-specific experience, they should be sending you to a licensed clinician who does—like a psychiatrist or psychologist.

多动症通常也与其他条件，如焦虑，它可以有类似多动症，注意力不集中一样和浓度差，或自闭症谱系障碍的症状，这可能共享类似的麻烦与同龄人互动，出现不注意症状混淆。如果只是有一个简单的实验室测试和扫描，可以发现ADHD，更多患者将正确诊断，但没有。相反，这里是你可以期待的过程：

Diagnosis in Children

Proper diagnosis is the secret to making sure your kiddo gets the quality treatment they need. An evaluation may also help you determine if it’s something else, like autism, and start on the road to treating your child’s challenges.

To receive an ADHD diagnosis, the symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity must be chronic or long-lasting, impair your child’s functioning, and cause them to fall behind typical development for his or her age. The doctor should also ensure that any ADHD symptoms are not due to another medical or psychiatric condition.

你的孩子的医生或其他专家将遵循美国小儿科学院以及儿童的美国学院和诊断时，青少年精神病学准则。这些包括：

• 与您的详细采访关于你的孩子的症状
• 问卷由您孩子的老师或儿童保育机构完成
• A review of school and medical records
• Talking with and observing your child
• 也许筛选学习障碍

大多数儿童多动症接受诊断，同时他们还在上小学。（ADHD症状可以出现早在3和6岁之间）。对于青少年或成人以接收ADHD的诊断，症状需要12岁之前已经存在。

If your child is evaluated through your school system, the focus will be whether he or she meets grade level standards. Ask for an evaluation through your school district, but it’s a good idea to get an independent evaluation, too. Why? It’s valuable to have in your back pocket if you need to advocate for your child to have special learning accommodations, and will give you a more comprehensive picture of what’s going on.

Diagnosis in Adults

Suspect you or someone you love have ADHD? Getting evaluated by a licenced mental health professional with experience with ADHD is so key. Here’s what you can expect during an evaluation:

• A diagnostic interview about your symptoms--both current and in childhood
• A screening for coexisting conditions, such as depression or learning disabilities
• 在病人的生命等重要的人（如他们的合作伙伴）谁将会如实地讲对病人的症状的采访
• 可能的附加测试

什么是最好的治疗多动症？

如果您或您的孩子被诊断，你的第一个问题可能是如何管理它。答案取决于许多因素，包括年龄。这里是你或你的孩子可以期待什么：

Treating Children With ADHD

对于孩子6岁及以下，美国小儿科学会建议行为疗法，教导技巧和策略，以帮助孩子在学业上取得成功，在家里，和关系。行为治疗应包括behavioral interventions在教室里，如果有的话。

If your child is age 12 and under, your health care provider should discussparent behavior therapy（也被称为行为管理或只是家长培训家长培训）与你，因为你很可能会在一个花最多时间与你的孩子，并有可能产生最大的影响。事实上，大多数的孩子都不够成熟，不能改变他们的行为没有你的帮助。寻找谁列车的父母，并教积极的方式与结构，通信和交互帮助治疗师。你可以期望参加的训练几次会议。

你的孩子也将有一个学校的治疗计划，其中可能包括一个Individualized Education Plan—or 504 plan- 即描述设施，包括干预和支持。

Those accommodations might look like any of these examples:

• Receiving extra time on tests
• Getting breaks or time to move around
• 使用技术协助的任务，不离不弃组织额外的帮助，并积极强化和反馈

怎么样吃药？药物治疗，六及以上年龄段保留，可以非常有效的，但说到孩子，他们应该与心理治疗和心理干预相结合使用。

至于饮食方面，一些小的研究建议饮食减少加工食品，以及更多的脂肪酸对改善多动症的症状，因此让一些omega-3脂肪酸（如鱼和海鲜，坚果和种子和植物油脂）适度的利益不能伤害。

Treating Adults With ADHD

Behavior therapy can translate to success in adults, too: In recent years认知行为疗法（CBT）程序have been developed specifically for adults with ADHD. They can help you overcome difficulties with executive functioning, to better manage time, organize, and plan in the short-term and long-term.

药物治疗多动症

For kids older than age 6 as well as adults, medication might also be a part of the treatment plan. Striking the right balance with medication can take some trial and error, but it’s worth it. Your healthcare provider may try different meds and dosages before hitting on the right one. Some people are amazed by the difference in their focus, thanks to medication. Whatever ADHD medication you’re on, it’s important not to skip or miss doses, as symptoms may return.

Stimulants

Prescribing a stimulant for ADHD may seem backwards but they work. In fact, they’re the most popular medication to treat the condition. How does it work? Stimulants boost the brain chemicals多巴胺and去甲肾上腺素，which help you focus. They’re a popular choice to help manage moderate to severe cases of ADHD, improving symptoms in about 70 percent of adults with ADHD and 70 to 80 percent of children shortly after starting treatment, according to the Cleveland Clinic.

兴奋剂是不被认为是上瘾的孩子和青少年，而且没有证据表明使用导致他们滥用药物。不过，与任何兴奋剂，有滥用和成瘾的可能性，所以一定要说出任何疑问或给你的医生的任何问题。

兴奋剂分为三类:短效(taken a few times a day), intermediate-acting (taken less often), and long-acting (taken one a day). Examples of stimulants include:

• Concerta, Ritalin, Daytrana, Jornay, Quillivant, Quillichew (methylphenidate)
• Adderall的（安非他明/右苯丙胺）
• Evekeo（硫酸苯丙胺）
• Vyvanse（赖氨酸安非他命）

Non-stimulants

With stimulants having a strong track record for efficacy, why would someone consider a non-stimulant? A doctor will prescribe a non-stimulant if stimulants aren’t helping, if you’re suffering from unpleasant side effects, or if you could benefit from one in combination with a stimulant to increase effectiveness.

Non-stimulants don’t work as quickly as stimulants do, but they also help mitigate symptoms of ADHD by improving focus, attention, and impulsivity. Strattera (atomoxetine), for example, long known as the first non-stimulant medication for ADHD, works in about half of patients.

可用于治疗ADHD的非兴奋剂包括：

• Strattera的（托莫西汀）
• Intuniv (guanfacine)
• Catapres（可乐）

抗抑郁药

虽然不是由美国食品和药物管理局对治疗多动症批准，抗抑郁药可单独使用或与兴奋剂治疗多动症的组合使用。他们的工作方式与兴奋剂，促进多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素的水平，你的大脑，同时提高注意力和冲动。

多动症治疗的副作用

Every药物带有副作用的机会，包括兴奋剂和规定为ADHD的非兴奋剂。

Possible side effects of stimulants:

• Headache
• 血压更高
• Upset stomach
• 食欲下降
• Moodiness and irritability
• “反弹”（火炬式的ADHD症状时服药消退）

Since stimulants can also raise blood pressure and heart rate and increase anxiety, if you have other health problems or an anxiety disorder, talk to your doctor before starting meds. In the doses used to treat kids and teens, stimulants typically aren’t habit forming.

Possible side effects of nonstimulants:

• 恶心
• 肚子疼
• 食欲下降
• 减肥
• Fatigue
• Drowsiness
• 情绪波动

While most people find that the focus and relief they find on these meds outweighs side effects, it’s important to chat with your doctor about what you can expect before you fill your script. Non-stimulants aren’t habit-forming or prone to misuse.

什么是生命像多动症的人？

ADHD可以感受到令人沮丧，但它不应该引起耻辱。多动症儿童往往承受不公平的假设，他们表演出来，注意力不集中，或表现不好，因为如果他们的条件是一个选择！这是一种判断可以是信心破碎机和它的令人沮丧尤其当症状，如那些有关亢进，减弱随着时间的推移和成熟。

只需要什么孩子患有多动症：家庭，医生，和老师之间的伙伴关系，谁可以一起提供结构和积极支持。由于具有多动症能感觉到疏远，即使是最年轻的患者，也可以帮助你的孩子交朋友;团队运动和活动有一个内置的社交网络。你不需要给关于具有广阔的圆圈您的孩子担心;研究显示仅具有一个亲密的朋友可以将你所有的孩子的需求。

对于成人ADHD谁从来没有确诊，或者是在晚年诊断，有可能是成绩不好，在工作中的麻烦，并与朋友和恋人岩石关系的历史。也许你已经关掉专业或学校有很多，或通过高中或大学变得勉强。你可能从你的注意力浪漫的合作伙伴派出了挫折。即使你的怪癖，虽然你的伴侣的宽容，对于那些患有多动症一个更大的障碍可能是无聊时，随着时间的推移一段新的感情变淡，多巴胺高峰，这可能会导致关系跳跃或欺骗。治疗或夫妻咨询可以帮助，并为更多的见解查看YouTube系列“如何多动症”，这对一个段relationships。

It’s not easy having ADHD, but there is hope as ADHD responds to being managed. With the right interventions, ADHD won’t keep anyone from a healthy and satisfying work and personal life. With the right care and support youcanlearn the skills to not just focus, but full-on flourish.

Where Can I Find ADHD Communities?

不管它是你,你的孩子,或者一个所爱的人是谁been diagnosed with ADHD, we guarantee there’s someone out there who has been in these very same shoes—Googling, worrying, and figuring out how to navigate the challenges. The support groups, orgs, and bloggers who chronicle life with ADHD and how to cope with its hurdles are endless. Here are a few of our favorites to guide you through this new unknown. They may even encourage you to share your story, too.

顶级多动症相关Instagrammers

• 丹尼·多诺万，@danidonovan，adhddd.com

  遵循这是因为：她辩解多动症，并指出您可以有创意，好玩的，战略性的，有魅力的，并且这种状况总体真棒。此外，她让很酷TikToks，打破了多动症的方式，你会完全得到。

• 德文，@adhdparent，adhdparent.wixsite.com/adhdparent

  遵循这是因为：Her advice as the mom of a child with AHD is pure and candid and so very relatable. Her platform provides a “safe space to vent and share information”—we think you’re going to like it there.

• Marc Almodovar，@wellnesswithmarc，wellnesswithmarc.com

  遵循这是因为：He’s a certified integrative nutrition health coach (INHC) who helps people with ADHD find self-love. Through his male-focused support group (@adhdmensupport），播客带来的客人来自各界多动症，以及他对他的饲料整体的氛围，你就会发现，每天的上你的共鸣。

• 翩Varnel，@adhd_alien

  遵循这是因为：Her candid comics are a great little “share” to help the people who love and follow you understand what life is like for you.

顶级多动症有关的播客

• TiLT Parenting: Raising Differently Wired Kids.由活动家，演讲家和作家黛比·雷伯托管（有时她不同的有线15岁的儿子，阿舍），这个播客是一个不同的有线老兄的任何父。雷伯认为，被不同的有线不是赤字，而且她可以帮助你看到了。

• 我有多动症播客。克里斯汀·卡德尔有多动症，她仍然觉得如何成为一个成功的妈妈，老板，及配偶和，因为她是一个认证的教练多动症，她可以帮你做的一样。她的故事和亲身经历助长她的播客，这让你有可操作的外卖店，你觉得你可以马上做。

• 5 Minutes ADHD Podcast.索利·拉扎勒斯知道她的观众，并创建矮子播客甚至我们当中最不安分的可以消化。这一切都需要拉撒路给在家和在学校帮助多动症重点你小子智能提示时间。

Top ADHD-related Support Groups and Non-profits

• 请你的。这个非盈利性支持两个孩子，并通过教育和宣传，在线支持团体成人ADHD，和免费电话号码，以便您可以用ADHD信息专家交谈。

• Attention Deficit Disorder Association (ADDA).Their mission? To serve, connect, and empower adults living with ADHD lead better lives. Backed by science (read: facts), and human experience (read: support groups), this team makes you feel like you have a place at their table to say, feel, and learn whatever you need.

• ADDitude Forums.通过ADDitude杂志为您带来的这些多动症特定的论坛就像reddit的无尽洞，但过度集中所面临的ADHD社区的问题，无论是大人还是孩子。无论您正在寻找的答案，具体问题或只是同情，你可以在这里找到。