COVID助推器：您现在需要了解的一切

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One shot, two镜头，三枪，更多？现在，COVID-19的助推器已获得18岁以上的每个美国人的批准，您可能会遇到很多问题，从混合和匹配可用的疫苗到提高的功效率和安全性问题。实时进行了如此多的研究，很难跟上真实的事情，不是，您应该做什么以及何时。

这就是为什么我们寻求来自费城坦普尔大学药学学院的临床教授Jason Gallagher，Pharm.D。的临床教授。我们还与Pfizer-Biontech唯一完全认可的（迄今为止）的疫苗的制造商接触，以从公司的最新数据中获得的Booster Insight。（注意：美国食品药品监督管理局已向现代药物和约翰逊疫苗疫苗的紧急利用授权和助推器射击；虽然两者都广泛使用，但两者都没有得到充分批准。）

在我们启动迫切的问题之前，我们许多人对助推器的投篮有所了解，让我们回顾一下我们如何到达这里：

On November 19, 2021, the FDA authorized use of a single booster in everyone 18 and older after they’ve completed their “primary vaccination” schedule. Timing of booster shots is as follows, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):

• Six or more months after you’ve had both initial doses of either available mRNA vaccine, you can get a Pfizer BioNTech or a Moderna booster shot.

• 对于J＆J疫苗，建议至少在您的第一次剂量后两个月进行助推器。

It’s a lot to keep track of, we know, especially as researchers and public health officials gain increasing understanding of how the initial two-dose mRNA shots and one-dose J&J vax work against variants like the Delta mutation. With boosters now added to our collective arsenal against COVID-19, we’re armed with even more questions and, yes, concerns.

因此，让我们开始：

辉瑞助推器的效果如何？

研究表明，仅六个月后，辉瑞生殖技术的初始疫苗疗效已降至60％或70％。那么，通过助推器拍摄，您可能会获得多少功效？加拉格尔说，根据最新的助推器射击数据，额外的镜头显示出“出色”的功效。“一项针对最初接受两剂辉瑞疫苗的10,000多人进行了比较辉瑞疫苗与安慰剂的研究发现，有症状的Covid-19降低了95％以上。它尚未出版，所以我们不知道所有内容，但新闻看起来还不错，”他说。（当然，我们仍然不知道这种提高有效性会持续多长时间。）

研究人员看着辉瑞公司（Pfizer-Biontech Vax）在以色列和英格兰等国家的助推器研究中领先于助推器研究的研究人员同意：“我们的Covid-19疫苗助推器试验表明，在Delta时期，相对的疫苗疗效对疾病的相对疫苗功效为95.6％他们是普遍的压力，”他们通过公司发言人说。“第3阶段数据显示，与两剂量初级序列后观察到的水平相比，当前疫苗的助推器剂量诱导了野生型菌株中和抗体滴度明显更高。第1阶段数据显示了针对野生型，β和三角洲变体的增强反应模式。在我们的临床计划中评估的辉瑞苯甲技术疫苗的增强剂量与初级系列中的剂量相同。”用简单的英语：功效从辉瑞（Pfizer-Biontech）助推器提升约30％，其增强剂量与您的前两张镜头相同。

mRNA助推器的工作速度如何？

The initial mRNA two-dose shots from Pfizer BioNTech and Moderna took roughly two weeks for a high level of protection to kick in. Booster protection also happens about two weeks after receiving a mRNA shot, says Gallagher. “We have to give our immune system time to crank those antibodies out,” he explains. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Director Anthony Fauci, M.D., has gone on record saying that immunity kicks in days after a booster, but peak protection is within two to four weeks. Researchers from Pfizer-BioNTech state through a company rep that “symptomatic COVID-19 occurrence is measured from at least seven days after booster or placebo.”Translation: Give it, at minimum, a full week (and two full weeks is better), before you bank on any added immunity from either mRNA vaccine.

在J＆J之后，您可以使用辉瑞或Moderna提升吗？

“Of the three U.S.-available vaccines, single-dose J&J has the lowest efficacy, Moderna the highest, and Pfizer[是]在中间。J＆J和mRNA疫苗之间的差异似乎比两种mRNA疫苗本身之间的差异大。” Gallagher指出。

As for mixing and matching vaxxes, he cites data from a recent National Institutes of Health (NIH) phase 1 and 2 study that looked at 458 individuals, fully immunized, who’d had one of the three vaccines available in the U.S. for their primary vaccine regimen who then were given a booster four to six months later. Researchers specifically looked at antibody response at two weeks and four weeks after the booster was given. They found that boosting with an mRNA vaccine drove up antibody levels four- to 20-fold, while mixing and matching the J&J vaccine with either mRNA vax boosted antibody levels six- to 76-fold.The surprising news here: Folks who started with J&J and then boost with either mRNA vax may end up with the highest levels of protection. But it's too soon to say so with certainty.

加强副作用：期望什么

如果您经历了不愉快的副作用 - 肌肉酸痛，疲劳，头痛，发烧 - 从mRNA剂量中，您能期望更多吗？Gallagher说，根据数据，可能是的。但是，“人们应该知道，现代助推器的剂量比前两剂要低，但我们不知道副作用是否降低了。”至于辉瑞（Pfizer-Biontech）射击，研究人员通过公司代表报告说，助推器的“不利事件概况”“通常与疫苗的其他临床安全数据一致，没有发现安全问题。”

如果mRNA疫苗使您的身体温度，强烈的手臂疼痛或赛车心脏使您保持联系，该怎么办？据加拉格尔说，这是一个棘手的问题。他解释说：“这取决于反应。”“如果反应是头痛，肌肉疼痛，发烧等，那么我不会指望J＆J疫苗避免这种情况。如果这是罕见但像心肌炎一样严重的东西[心脏炎症]，我根本不建议助推器。大多数突破性感染[意思是那些完成了最初两剂的mRNA疫苗或单剂J＆J​​的人的共同感染]与未接种疫苗的人的感染相比是温和的。”要点：期待助推器的类似反应，即您经历了第一次探索。

How Fast Does Vaccine Protection Fade?

If you don’t get a booster, how low can you expect your initial vaccine protection to fall by the 12-month mark? Another tough call to project. We’re living all of this in real time, seeing news break as researchers discover more. The term “booster” could leave the lexicon, Gallagher says, and become just part of the overall vaccine regime for COVID—just like they are for other vaccines, including the yearly flu shot, which we receive for annually updated immune protection.

“可能是我们每年需要服用的三种mRNA疫苗，或者我们每六个月或每年服用一次，而在病毒广泛循环的情况下，我们每年服用一次，但之后它变得越来越少，” Gallagher猜测。“从来没有开发过一种疫苗来帮助控制以前发生的大流行，因此我们确实在学习。我认为，人们必须保持自己的想法，而建议建议随着条件的发展而改变。”令人不安的答案：陪审团仍在这个问题上。

助力副作用与副副作用

如果负疫苗的副作用使您对获得助推器的态度保持警惕，那么您可能会想知道获得温和的covid是否可能是这两种弊端的较小者。加拉格尔建议，从风险与利益方面考虑医学。如果风险超过某事的好处，我们通常不会做任何事情。因此，如果有人对无法忍受的疫苗有反应，那么助推器可能不适合他们。（研究人员通过Pfizer-Biontech代表说，请寻找医生讨论您的最佳选择，以额外的镜头前进。

Those who don’t get boosters “increase their risk of infection, but the infection is likely to be milder than it would have been before they were vaccinated,” Gallagher says. However, the risk “is different for a healthy 30-year-old than a 70-year-old diabetic patient or a 50-year-old kidney transplant recipient, and therefore the decision factors about whether to boost are different, also,” he points out.

It’s also important to consider the risk you bring to others if you become infected. “Vaccines are both an individual and community intervention—preventing infection in each of us helps decrease it in our communities,” he adds. “That doesn’t mean someone should take a vaccine that they can’t tolerate. But it may affect their likelihood[放置]不愉快地保护[一些]他们爱的人。”底线：获得助推器是一个个人决定，具有潜在的个人和集体后果。（我们从来没有说过任何一个都很容易。）

认识我们的作家

Erin L. Boyle

2016 - 2018年HealthCentral的高级编辑Erin L. Boyle是一位屡获殊荣的自由医学作家和编辑，拥有超过15年的经验。她环游世界十年，将最新的医学研究带给医生。健康写作对她来说也是个人的：她与Aura患有几种自身免疫性疾病和偏头痛，她为HealthCentral而写了。在erinlynnnnboyle.com上了解有关她的更多信息。在Twitter @erinlboyle上关注她。

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