对丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)的治疗选择在过去几个月已迅速改变,将继续担任新的药物被美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准了在未来几年改变。与此同时,更新的治疗指南已经公布,以跟上新的药物。我们问唐纳德·詹森博士,肝病专家在芝加哥大学,以及最近公布了新的丙肝治疗指南专家小组的共同主席,以讨论当前和未来的治疗。
为什么HCV成为近年来这样的担忧?
I think hepatitis C has been a concern, really, since it was first discovered back in 1989. I think what’s made it of more interest recently is perhaps that so many people have been infected with hepatitis C, and presumably infected for many years, and that a large group of these infected individuals happen to be baby boomers. Those born between 1945 and 1965 represent about 75 percent of all the people in the United States who carry the hepatitis C virus. Somewhere between 3.9 and 5.2 million people in the U.S. are infected with hepatitis.
So I think it’s become more apparent recently because, in part, therapies have gotten better and in part because the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has estimated that fewer than 50 percent of people with hepatitis C have actually been diagnosed or know that they have the infection. Of those, very few have been treated for their infection. Therapies are getting better so this is a great time to find those individuals who have hepatitis C and aren’t aware of it and get them in for treatment.
什么是丙肝当前可用的治疗方法?
自1992年以来,为丙型肝炎的治疗有涉及干扰素,这是一种可注射的药物有很多副作用,有每周一次给予。充其量,它具有50至70%的成功率。
但在2013年12月,FDA - 首次 - 批准了一项医学上称为索非布韦(Sovaldi),这是一丸的药物,可以用另一个叫做利巴韦林口服中药给予,连续12周无干扰素。它具有超过90%的治愈率为丙型肝炎的一个菌株称为基因型1。因此,对于第一次,没有FDA批准的治疗无干扰素丙型肝炎中的至少一种菌株的另一种菌株,基因型3,也用同样的组合Sovaldi联合利巴韦林治疗,但24周。不太一样的90%的治愈率,但70%左右很好的治愈率。这是第一次,但是也有一些容易耐受治疗,有很好的疗效,并且没有干扰素的副作用。
(由于本次采访发表后,FDA已经批准了另一项名为Harvoni丙型肝炎药物,已被发现在治疗丙型肝炎的基因型1株同样有效,但不需要将其与干扰素或利巴韦林结合起来。Harvoni是比Sovaldi,售价为$ 95,000为期12周的治疗更加昂贵。)
什么意思治愈丙型肝炎的?
这意味着病毒已经一去不复返了。The data for cure comes from studies over the last 10 or 20 years for hepatitis C. The current terminology is SVR--sustained viral response--and sustained viral response means that if we test a patient’s blood three months or six months after they stop therapy, the virus is no longer detectable in their blood. And that is considered a success. For many years we avoided using the term “cure,” because we weren’t really sure whether that really represented no virus anywhere in the body. But now several studies have followed up on patients up to 10 or 15 years or longer, and not only is the virus no longer detected in their blood, it’s no longer detected in the liver either, which is the site of replication of the virus. And, the damage that virus had done to the liver also starts to look more normal. So now we are pretty comfortable using the cure word.
为什么如此重要发布这些准则后,这些新的药物出来?
通常,新的治疗准则需要几个月的时间来开发,并在印刷刊物上公布。例如,一些对丙型肝炎公布的最后两个指引了长达18个月编写和出版。十八个月,甚至半年,可能是与现场是如何迅速发展的太长。两种疗法在十一月和十二月批准,并有可能将几个在年底前出来。所以等待18个月手段,许多医生为丙型肝炎患者提供医疗服务不知道如何最好地使用这些药物的时间长。
所以我们希望做两件事情。我们想先有这些建议进行快速的办法使它们迅速提供是有一个基于Web的系统。因此,我们不得不作家和专家来自美国协会肝病研究学会(AASLD)和分配工作美国传染病学会(IDSA)丙型肝炎领域,并准备以证据为基础的准则,这样他们就是新的FDA批准后发生的很快面市。这些在一月下旬在网上公布。我们也想为可能没有被覆盖的情况下,FDA建议。
什么是一些可能出现的特殊情况?
例如,FDA并没有做出,因为他们没有资格谁也不能服用干扰素的患者建议。那么我们该怎么做了基因1型病人谁也不能服用干扰素?我们做什么用谁需要肝脏移植的病人?我们做什么与病人谁拥有合并感染艾滋病毒与丙肝?我们的指导方针解决每个问题,尽管FDA可能也就不会有具体的建议。
此外,当新的药物问世,我们将能够非常迅速地提供新的建议。而当新的数据出来,我们可以加强或削弱我们的建议,给供应商多一点安慰和保险公司一点点更多的证据来支付这些药物为好。我们希望能够灵活足以使我们能不断提升的指导方针,并改变它们的数据显示。
是否有新的药物的任何挑战?
嗯,我觉得现在最大的挑战是成本。Sovaldi的十二个星期花费$ 8万4,000人约一丸$ 1,000。威尔保险公司为此付出代价:和很多问题已经成为媒体的这些药物,如成本被提高?威尔医疗保险支付?在公众援助买单呢?这就是说,有较少的监测,较少的副作用和治疗是持续时间短的。因此,尽管以前的治疗费用低于$ 8万4,000人,当你添加了旧疗法的总成本,在输血,住院和门诊方面少,事实证明,老疗法实际上花费大约$ 189,000的治愈每一位患者。
虽然$ 84,000是很多钱,因为治疗治愈90%的患者,例如,基因型2,每治疗成本仍然要远远小于旧的疗法。我们认为,展望未来,我们将不得不在这个看起来有点不同。我们将要看看每个患者治愈的成本和提供治疗一段时间的成本。由于治疗变得更容易且具有持续时间较短且副作用较少,每治愈的成本实际上可能会少得多。
为患者了解丙型肝炎什么是最重要的?
I think they need to know that if they are baby boomers, born between 1945 and 1965, they really need a one-time test for hepatitis C. And they may say, “I don’t have any risk factors, I never used injection drugs, I never had a blood transfusion,” but up to about 20 to 30 percent of patients with hepatitis C don’t have those risk factors. These new therapies are going to be so good, so easy, and so highly effective, that it would be silly to put your head in the sand and say ‘I don’t need to be tested” and then wind up with cirrhosis 20 years from now.